By Kautilya The Contemplator, Substack, 11/6/25
The United States once prided itself on a foreign policy elite that combined intellectual depth with cultural fluency. In the early Cold War, the State Department, intelligence community and leading universities cultivated a generation of scholars fluent in Russian, Chinese, Arabic, Persian and Hindi. These were experts who could not only interpret foreign texts but also civilizations.
Yet, as the 21st century advances, this infrastructure of serious scholarship has deteriorated. The study of comparative civilizations is dying, language training is in decline and “expertise” has become synonymous with partisanship. Few in Washington today possess genuine understanding of how Russia, China, India, Iran or the Arab world actually think and act within their own civilizational frameworks. The consequences of this intellectual vacuum are visible in the hubris, incoherence and repeated strategic failures of US foreign policy.
The End of the Scholar-Statesman Tradition
During the Cold War, the US recognized that to compete with the Soviet Union it needed more than weapons and alliances. It required minds capable of understanding its adversary’s history and worldview. The Ford and Rockefeller Foundations were among several prestigious institutions that poured millions in funding to build Area Studies centers at universities like Harvard, Columbia and Berkeley. These institutes trained generations of scholars who became advisers, analysts and diplomats. Among the most notable were George Kennan, Robert Tucker, Jack Matlock and Stephen Cohen who embodied the “scholar-statesman” ideal – intellectually rigorous, linguistically trained and able to explain Russia to Americans in Russia’s own terms.
That generation has faded away. Today’s policy community is dominated not by historians or linguists but by lawyers, political consultants and think-tank operatives whose expertise lies in managing narratives, not in understanding nations. The passing of Professor Stephen Cohen in 2020 symbolized more than the death of a single scholar. It marked the end of a tradition of empathy-based analysis. Cohen’s deep study of Soviet political evolution and his willingness to challenge prevailing orthodoxies made him one of the few American voices capable of understanding Russia’s post-Cold War trauma. No comparable figure has replaced him. In his absence, debate about Russia has hardened into a binary of demonization versus silence.
The Hollowing of Area Studies and the Language Pipeline
This intellectual decline has institutional roots. The Area Studies system that once underpinned US global understanding has been hollowed out in many centers of higher education. After the Cold War, universities re-directed funding away from regional specialization toward globalized, quantitative and theory-heavy “international studies.” Departments of Slavic, East Asian, South Asian and Middle Eastern studies withered as enrollments fell and budgets were slashed.
The post-1991 “end of history” mentality reinforced the illusion that ideological triumph rendered local knowledge unnecessary. If liberal democracy was destined to be universal, why study the cultural and historical particularities of others? Funding agencies followed suit. The US Department of Education’s Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) program under Title VI, which once supported language training and regional centers, has been repeatedly cut. As recently as September 2025, the Department prematurely terminated funding for FLAS fellowships stating that “international and foreign language education is not in the best interest of the federal government.”1 Meanwhile, defense and intelligence funding has shifted toward technology and cyber-security, not cultural or linguistic intelligence.
When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite, not only did it raise concerns about America’s ability to compete technologically but it also sparked an urgency to markedly increase the training of Russian speakers capable of monitoring Soviet military and scientific developments. In 1958, the National Defense Education Act authorized funding to strengthen US education in language instruction creating a pipeline of Soviet specialists.
Today’s landscape echoes that moment. China’s military power is expanding, Russia is fielding next-generation hypersonic weapon systems and Iran has developed a sophisticated drone and missile complex from loitering munitions to solid-fuel medium-range systems that is reshaping regional deterrence. Tracking these developments in real time still demands deep language and technical literacy – to read foreign-language journals, factory disclosures, procurement data and doctrinal debates rather than filtered summaries. Yet, the pipeline has thinned just as the need for rigorous language-based analysis has returned.2
The contraction is visible in the numbers. Between 2009 and 2021, nearly 30 percent fewer college students in the US enrolled in a foreign language course. Russian language programs in American universities have fallen sharply since 2010. Chinese language enrollment briefly surged but then declined since 2018, driven by political suspicion and bureaucratic scrutiny of Confucius Institutes. Hindi, Persian and Turkish studies survive only at a handful of institutions. Most undergraduate programs in “International Studies” now emphasize global governance, human rights and climate change rather than deep area expertise. Students are encouraged to think in universal categories, not to grapple with foreign particularities.
From Pipeline to Flagships: How Incentives Rewired the Hubs
The decline in language training and the reorientation of funding streams do not remain abstract trends. They cascade upward into the very institutions built to convert linguistic and regional mastery into strategic understanding. Centers recalibrate to surrounding incentives such as grant cycles, media salience and Washington’s messaging, thereby substituting high-tempo programming and advocacy for long-horizon scholarship.
This deterioration is most tragically symbolized by the transformation of once-prestigious centers like the Harriman Institute at Columbia University and the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard. During the Cold War, these were the beating hearts of serious scholarship on the Soviet Union and then Russia and Eurasia post-1991. They produced a generation of scholars and diplomats fluent in Russian history, culture and language.
Today, both have become almost unrecognizable and are entirely aligned with the prevailing anti-Russia line in Washington. Rather than fostering nuanced scholarship, they have drifted into ideological activism. The Harriman Institute’s programming, research priorities and guest speakers overwhelmingly echo the US government’s Ukraine narratives. Its intellectual atmosphere, once defined by debate between liberals, conservatives and realists, is now defined by conformity. Russia is no longer studied as a civilization or as a complex historical entity but as a political problem to be solved.
The tragedy is that these institutions once represented America’s intellectual pluralism at its finest. These were places where a young scholar could argue that Russia’s worldview, though different, was legitimate in its own right. Today, that space for intellectual independence has drastically reduced.
The “Ideologization” of Expertise and the Neoconservative Turn
The replacement of real scholarship by ideological conformity has resulted in a chorus of predictable talking points. Russia is “aggressive,” China is “expansionist,” India must “align with the West.” Complex realities are flattened into slogans and the very idea of understanding the “other” becomes suspect. Scholars who advocate dialogue or mutual respect are derided as “apologists”. The late Stephen Cohen faced such treatment in the years following the 2014 Maidan coup in Ukraine.
The political economy of the think-tank world reinforces this dynamic. Funding flows from defense contractors, technology companies and government grants aligned with national security priorities. A young researcher quickly learns that advancing a career requires writing in the idiom of confrontation. Russia is to be condemned, China is to be contained, Iran is to be punished. Nuance is penalized, empathy is suspect. “Understanding Russia” or “engaging China” becomes synonymous with “appeasing authoritarianism.” The very intellectual virtues of objectivity, curiosity and historical imagination that once defined scholarship are now liabilities.
Within this environment, figures such as Fiona Hill and Anne Applebaum have become canonical voices on Russia and Eastern Europe. Both have influence in Washington far disproportionate to their scholarly depth, largely because they reinforce the neoconservative worldview that frames Russia as the perpetual aggressor and the West as the moral custodian of liberal order. Their writings, while rhetorically forceful, are less the products of comparative history, archival or linguistic research than of ideological conviction. They exemplify the shift from scholarship to sermon, diagnosing not to comprehend but to condemn.
By contrast, scholars like Stephen Cohen approached Russia through historical empathy, recognizing its civilizational continuity and its cyclical struggles between centralization and reform. Cohen’s methodology was comparative, historical and dialectical. It sought to understand Russia within its own logic rather than through moralistic templates.
Methods Over Terrain: How US Doctoral Training Crowds Out Deep Regional Expertise
If Washington now rewards slogan over study, a contributing cause is that universities have retooled scholarly formation, prioritizing methods and tempo over languages, archives and long immersion. Since the 1990s, many US Area Studies centers were consolidated into broader ‘global’ units, while leading International Relations (IR) departments increasingly emphasized formal and statistical methods.
The result in many programs has been looser language expectations, thinner country-specific coursework, shorter (often unfunded) fieldwork and greater reliance on English-language secondary sources or datasets when archives or vernacular materials are harder to access. Career incentives also favor rapid publication in high-prestige IR outlets over the slow, cumulative craft of philology, history and ethnography. What often remains is area-adjacent analytics focusing on work about regions rather than scholarship grounded in them.
Contrast this with the Russian model where Area Studies remains a discipline rather than a branding exercise. At the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), the Higher School of Economics and institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, multiple foreign languages are compulsory, archival methods and country seminars are core and students are embedded in policy networks that demand granular cultural, legal and historical competence. The pedagogy starts from terrain that includes language, documents and memory. Only then is technique layered on.
By comparison, many US programs privilege technique over terrain, producing excellent modelers who too rarely read the societies they analyze in the original. A system that increasingly prefers technique before terrain produces analysts who model the world better than they read it, thereby creating an imbalance that predictably migrates from dissertations to desks, and from desks to doctrine.
The Consequences: Strategic Blindness and Repeated Failure
The intellectual bankruptcy of American foreign policy has tangible outcomes. The US has repeatedly misread major power transitions of the past three decades. It assumed post-Soviet Russia would become a liberal democracy integrated into the West. Instead, it became a Eurasian power asserting multipolarity. It believed China’s economic rise would lead to political liberalization. Instead, it produced a more confident, centralized and cohesive state. It expected India to align against China. Instead, India pursues its own civilizational destiny.
Each of these miscalculations stems from deficiencies in understanding the civilizational memories of states, their historical traumas, strategic geographies and lived narratives. Washington projects its own categories of liberalism, democracy and deterrence onto societies that operate by different logics. Russian policy is interpreted through the lens of “aggression” rather than security depth. Chinese strategy is seen as “revisionist” rather than civilizational. Indian autonomy is dismissed as “hedging” rather than a coherent tradition of non-alignment rooted in ancient statecraft.
When the intellectual class cannot think beyond its own mirror, policy becomes reactive and moralistic. The US swings between hubris and hysteria, celebrating the “rules-based order” one decade and decrying “authoritarian resurgence” the next. The deeper constants of geography, demography and history vanish from view. This blindness is not inevitable, it is the result of choices made by institutions that abandoned scholarship for ideology.
Toward a Rebirth of Understanding
If America wishes to regain strategic wisdom, it must rebuild the intellectual foundations of global understanding. That means reviving the humanities of geopolitics that embody history, geography, languages and comparative civilizations. Universities should restore Area Studies as a core mission, supported by stable funding rather than episodic grants. Government programs must reward linguistic and cultural fluency, not ideological conformity.
Equally, the policy ecosystem must value independent scholarship. Think tanks should be compelled to disclose funding sources and the media should cultivate voices who actually know the societies they discuss. Exchange programs and long-term residencies abroad, not short study tours, should again become the norm for aspiring diplomats. Most importantly, policymakers must recover the humility to learn before judging.
Understanding does not mean agreement and empathy does not mean endorsement. It means acknowledging that other civilizations think differently and that effective strategy begins with comprehension, not condemnation. Without that, the US will continue to stumble blindly across the world stage, armed with power but bereft of wisdom.
In an age of multipolarity, ignorance is strategic suicide. America needs fewer ideologues and more scholars, fewer “Russia hawks” and more Russia knowers, fewer “China hands” who tweet in English and more who can read Sun Tzu in the original. The restoration of understanding will not come from the think tanks of Washington but from the libraries, classrooms and archives where genuine curiosity still flickers. Only by reviving the disciplines of deep thinking can America hope to recover the lost art of seeing the world as it is, not as it wishes it to be.
- US Department of Education, Notice of Non-Continuation of Grant Award, September 10, 2025.
- Deborah Cohn, Fewer U.S. college students are studying a foreign language − and that spells trouble for national security, The Conversation, November 16, 2023.
I totally agree with this assessment but would argue that the decline of diplomacy friendly scholarship occurred long before the twenty-first century….In August, 1971, Lewis F. Powell Jr., later to become Supreme Court Justice, wrote a memorandum to the Chairman of the US Chamber of Commerce Education Committee essentially about the attack by academia on the US free enterprise system…..Though the media was identified as a participating culprit, it was academia that Powell was so critical of because of academia funding by both corporations and the Federal Government….The rest as they say is history….The illusions in political science departments are fed by the belief in rational choice, ie., that actors’ primary motives is self interest…..An illuminating example of the one of academia’s many flaws that contributes to the illusion of American / Western superiority/exceptionalism is the reliance on Gross Domestic Product as opposed to Purchasing Power Parity in assessing economic power. Reliance on the GDP as economic indicator, an economic analytical tool employed since the great depression, distorts assessments of domestic and international prosperity.
“During the Cold War, the US recognized that to compete with the Soviet Union it needed more than weapons and alliances. It required minds capable of understanding its adversary’s history and worldview.”
Although this article correctly states that Western universities are in decline, the lack of “minds capable” is not the primary reason for Western political decline. The seeds for this decline can be found in policies and organizations that go back 80 years. What is rarely discussed in open political discourse is that the US created a privately funded covert Enterprise to fight the Cold War against communism and support Western capitalism. That Enterprise was initially established with Yamashita’s gold, and subsequently developed continuous funding via illegal drugs (Golden Triangle, French Connection, South America cocaine) and a financial networks of money laundering via Enterprise operated banks (Castle Bank, Nugan Hand Bank, BCCI, Citibank, etc.). This criminal Enterprise operated within the US government with directed-coordinated-facilitated-covered-up operations by elements of the NSC-CIA-NSA-DOJ-DEA-FBI, all under the banner of national security — as happened with Iran-Contra and the PROMIS software theft. The criminality of this Enterprise introduced a rot, both moral and economic (financialization & deindustrialization), that is responsible for Western decline. It was the ruling elite that charted this course because they did not trust democratic rule – they wanted a sure bet that they would remain on top. The Enterprise was/is free from Congressional and public (i.e. media) oversight since it is self-funding and hidden behind the curtain of national security. The Enterprise is linked to criminal organizations (mafia, yakuza) to facilitate its illegal drug operations – a primary source of funding for covert militias/terrorists and weapon supplies. IMO, this Enterprise has been far more important in continuing an endless Cold War of neocon policies that are profitable for the MIC, and in continuing the neoliberal policies that are profitable to the FIRE sector — at least in the short term. It was this combination of neoliberal and neocon policies, at least in part maintained by the Enterprise, that has been the major contributor to the hollowing out of Western industrial economies. More than any overt weapons, alliances and/or academic understanding of the adversary’s history and worldview, the Enterprise’s covert support of the MIC and banks, and efforts to destroy any socialist wealth redistribution policies globally, is the primary source of problems we face today (economic and environmental). Unfortunately, such covert operations are rarely discussed openly by pundits or historians who instead focus on the facade of diplomacy and academic theories of political realism as the nexus of Western decline. A starting point for understanding the Enterprise is the book “Gold Warriors” by Sterling and Peggy Seagrave.
Lastly, I’d like to state that I also admired Stephen Cohen. I believe having capable historians advising Administrations is desired, and that training the young in world history and language is important. I also agree that top university departments seem to have fallen into a habit of chasing the money by promoting neoliberal/neocon ideology rather than creating an environment where ideas flow freely and can be challenged. But I tend to think that academic advice has never been a driver of foreign policy. And much like the economic bankster advice from neoliberal economists, academic political scholars mainly provided a facade of respectability while the ruling class did whatever it wanted. Unless we first find some way to destroy the deep state institutions like the Enterprise, institutions that only serve the capitalist class, and unless we trash most think-tanks (especially the CFR and similar organizations), and unless we disempower the billionaires which control our media and politicians, then having capable historians and linguists won’t matter a whit. The lack of scholar-statesmen (many of whom in the past were just skilled propagandists and imperialists), statesmen who were recently replaced by pundits and think-tank ideologues, just means the public is now better exposed to the brutal face of American Empire without the veneer of academic respectability. I realize it is embarrassing to have sociopathic clowns in charge, but perhaps the more honest face of degenerate elites, without the masks, is necessary so the masses won’t get fooled again, and so real changes can flow up from below. IMO, just fixing the facade of academic respectability won’t solve our problems.
I could not agree with the author of this article more, and I am glad that he highlighted the importance of Professor Cohen’s role in understanding Russia, free of ideological blinders and cant. Stephen Cohen was guided by a towering academic rigor and an intellectual honesty to match. To most Americans, including the current crop of “Russian specialists” this combo is so alien to them they don’t even recognize it, let alone appreciate it as the essential, foundational qualification for truth-seeking. Instead, like most Americans, they reflexively retreat to an interpretive filter entirely comprised of simple-minded biases, heavily biased towards the erroneous and unfair, all twisted by the delusion of American exceptionalism.